Mexico

Yes.

Mexico does not have a general umbrella type of law that governs the validity and legal effects of all types of electronic signatures. Conversely, rules incorporated in different laws and regulations may apply to the use of electronic signatures, depending upon the nature of the transaction (e.g., labor, commercial, tax, etc.).¹

Under the Mexican Commercial Code, electronic signatures should be considered valid and will produce legal effects as long as the electronic signature creation method chosen by the parties is found to be appropriate for the purpose for which the data message was generated or communicated. Namely, the Mexican Commercial Code recognizes the following categories of e-signatures:

• Electronic Signatures: Usually known as "Simple Electronic Signature"(SES)²
• Advanced or Reliable Electronic Signatures (Firma Electrónica Avanzada o Fiable): Usually known as "Advanced Electronic Signature" (AES). An e-signature is considered as an AES if the following requirements, set forth in Section 97 of the Commercial Code, are met:
  • The signature creation data is, within the context in which the signature is used, linked exclusively to the signatory.
  •  The signature creation data is, at the time of signing, under the exclusive control of the signatory and of no other person.
  • Any alteration to the electronic signature, made after the time of signing, is detectable.
  •  Any alteration made to the information (to which e-signature relates) after the time of signing is detectable.
     
•  Advanced Electronic Signatures, supported by Digital Certificates issued by government approved Certification Services Providers (CSPs): In the international arena, this technique is known as "Qualified Electronic Signatures" (QES). QES are supported by a Digital Certificate issued by a handful of Certification Service Provider (CSP), which has been authorized to operate as such by the Ministry of Economy.

When it comes specifically to the validity under civil and mercantile agreements, if an e-contract is executed between two companies using an electronic signature technique or method, such e-contract agreement will produce legal effects.³ If at some point the parties need to present such e-contract as evidence in court, the court is mandated by law to admit such e-contracts as evidence and to provide such agreement with evidential weight.⁴

In the assessment of evidential weight by the court, regard shall be made, fundamentally, to the reliability of the method in which the e-contract and the corresponding e-signature was generated, stored, communicated, and maintained.

There are a couple of court precedents which have considered that an e-signature method must be considered valid if it is reliable (or it was generated through a reliable method for creating e-signatures). According to these principles, a reliable e-signature is the one that meets the requirements set out above for AES. 

Before such precedents were issued, courts used to consider Qualified (Certified) Electronic Signatures were more reliable than other electronic signature techniques.

However, under current precedents, an SES may be able to pass a reliability test and be ruled as an Advanced Electronic Signatures (AES), if the technology allows an SES to cover all mandatory requirements set out by section 97 of the Commercial Code.

1. The concept of electronic signatures has been incorporated on different Mexican laws and regulations including the Federal Civil Code, The Federal Code for Civil Proceedings, the Commercial Code, the Federal Tax Code and the Federal Labor Law, among other laws and regulations.
2. Data in electronic form consigned in a data message or logically associated with a data message, through any technology, which may be used to identify the signatory in relation to the data message and to indicate the signatory’s approval of the information contained in the data message and that produces the same legal effects as the handwriting signature, being therefore acceptable as evidence in court.”
3. Section 89, Commercial Code: "Information shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability solely on the grounds that it is in the form of a data message. Hence data messages may be used as evidence in the context of any proceeding before any legal authority and will have the same legal effects that any printed documentation, as long as such data messages comply with the provisions of the Code of Commerce and the corresponding regulation".
4. In addition to Section 89, sections 1205 and 1298-A of the Code of Commerce set forth: "Data messages are admitted as evidence". Likewise, Section 210-A del Federal Civil Proceedings Code sets forth: "Information produced or communicated through electronic, optical means or any other technology, shall be admitted as evidence in court".

Yes.

For some types of documents, parties may need to satisfy additional formal requirements under Mexican law, such as formalization before a public notary. Transactions that shall necessarily be completed before a public notary include real estate property transfer contracts, marriage contracts, powers of attorney, and the articles of incorporation of civil and mercantile companies.

Also, for the following types of documents, it may be advisable to perform a more detailed risk assessment before using electronic signatures: 

• Promissory notes, guarantees, guarantees provided by co-obligators and other documents considered as negotiable instruments under the General Law of Negotiable Instruments and Credit Transactions (GLNICT): While GLNICT does not prohibit the use of electronic signatures, original documents are necessary to sustain the credit right consigned therein.
• Mortgage or guarantor agreements. In general, agreements that needs to be granted before a Public Notary (i.e., sale of real estate property): Again, Civil Code does not prohibit the use of electronic signatures, but it is not a standard practice for Public Notaries to conclude such transactions through electronic means.
• Under labor laws, only QES are equivalent to wet signatures. Documents executed through other techniques would be acceptable by a labor court, but additional supporting evidence would be required (for instance, to offer an expert witness). Certain labor documents may be signed through SES, such as compensation receipts. 
• Tax Returns and other tax documents are usually not valid if concluded through a simple electronic signature. A specific QES model developed by the Tax authorities (Tax Law Art 17-D) are required for this purpose. This QES model is known as "e.Firma".
• Litigation documents. For these documents, the Supreme Court of Justice has created its own QES scheme, under General Joint Agreement number 1/2013 of the Supreme Court, the Electoral Tribunal and the Council of the Federal Judiciary, regarding the Certified Electronic Signature of the Federal Judicial Power and the electronic files. This QES scheme is known as FIREL. 
• Civil status acts, including recognition of children, adoption, marriage, divorce, death, and presumption of death, guardianship or legal capacity to administer property: The law usually requests the presence of the interested parties to execute related documentation, or else the granting of a power of attorney which must be certified by a Public Notary.

Yes.

Mexico has not issued regulation governing Digital IDs yet. 

With regard to certificates related to e-signatures, there are at least 4 regimes governing such certificates: a) Commercial regime, administered by the Economy Ministry; b) Tax regime, governed by the Mexican Tax Administration Service (SAT); c) Public Servants Regime, administered by the Public Functions Ministry (SFP) and; d) Judiciary regime, administered by the Supreme Court of Justice (SCJ). In the last 3 regimes, the corresponding authority acts both as issuer and of entity that relies on the certificate. For instance, tax payers’ e-signatures would be accompanied by a certificate issued by Tax authorities; public servants’ e-signed documents would attach the corresponding e-certificate issued by the SFP, and individuals filing electronic writs in connection with a trial would attach a certificate issued by the SCJ. 

In the case of the commercial regime, the Ministry of Economy has issued regulation to authorize private entities to act as CSPs. In order to become a CSP, a company need to obtain registration. For obtaining registration, CSP must evidence that they satisfy certain IT infrastructure, security, and human resources requirements. Currently, there are around 7 companies authorized to act as CSPs for commercial matters. 

CSPs are governed by the Commercial Code and its implementing regulations (Articles 100 to 113). In addition to providing issuance and certification of e-signatures services, they are authorized to provide other services, including a popular service named “Certificate of Conservation Service” (Servicios de Constancia de Conservación). Certificates of Conservation are issued under Mexican Official Standard (NOM-151-SCFI-2016, published on March 30, 2017. This Certificate allows a court to trust that a document has not been modified since the moment in which the certificate was electronically stamped in the electronic document.
 

Yes

Please see our comments in question 3 above in connection with CSPs.