Brazil

Yes.

Provisional Measure No. 2200-2/2001, as amended by Law No. 14063/2020.

Electronic signatures are generally admissible and enforceable in Brazil. Brazilian law established the ICP-Brasil (public key infrastructure for Brazil), which is a digital certificate issuance system for which the law grants a presumption of authenticity. Signatures issued outside of this system are valid but do not enjoy this presumption. Public authorities may issue regulations where they may set forth that only electronic signatures issued within ICP-Brasil’s system will be acceptable for certain documents.

Law 11,419/06 establishes legal provisions regulating the use and acceptance of electronic signatures in legal documents used in the courts (including civil, criminal, and labor claims) and amends the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code in this regard.

No.

During the pandemic crisis, the government expanded the use and acceptance of electronic signatures, including for certain documents that previously required ink signature (certain medical prescriptions, real estate documents, etc.). The public entity may determine whether any electronic signature is acceptable or if only electronic signatures issued under ICP-Brasil System are acceptable. Note that although applicable law may grant legal validity to electronic signatures, where such documents need to be registered or signed before a public notary, registration may be denied by the registry or the agency for lack of capability on the part of the agency/registry to process an electronically signed document.

Yes.

This depends on regulation to be issued by each public authority. Brazilian courts have recognized that electronic signatures express consent of a party to be bound just as physical signatures do; ICP-Brasil electronic signatures (the Brazilian equivalent of QES) carry a presumption of authenticity but are not required.  

Yes, ICP-Brasil
 

Provisional Measure No. 2200-2/2001, as amended by Law No. 14063/2020.

The Autoridade Certificadora Brasileira de Registros has accredited ICP-Brasil as the certifying authority for digital signatures using public key infrastructure. Private companies can issue digital certificates based on ICP-Brasil standards.